Engineering instruction needs to be transformed from a teaching centered activity to a learning centered activity. To facilitate that transformation engineering instructors can incorporate the use of techniques that assess what, how much and how well students are learning. In their seminal book “Classroom Assessment Techniques: A Handbook for College Teachers” Thomas A. Angelo and K. Patricia Cross documented 50 such classroom assessment techniques (CATs).
This webliography brings to the attention of engineering instructors resources on CATs that I hope will inform their teaching practices. Emphasis is placed on CATs that assess skill development and problem solving.
Introductions to Classroom Assessment Techniques
1. Classroom Assessment Techniques. (n.d.) Retrieved February 1, 2007, from
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/assess-1.htm
This page is hosted by Honolulu Community College. In this introduction to CATs, the Angelo and Cross framework is summarized. The characteristics, assumptions and suggestions for implementation are presented.
While the page gives the impression that it was written by Angelo and Cross there is no way to verify that. Still it is an adequate introduction to CATs for those instructors that do not have the time to read the Angelo and Cross book.
2. Classroom Assessment Techniques. (n.d.) Retrieved February 1, 2007, from
http://www.siue.edu/~deder/assess/catmain.html
This website is hosted by the Undergraduate Assessment & Program Review at
Southern Illinois University – Edwardsville. It contains basic concepts of assessment and introductions to some of the most popular CATs. Many other pages on CATs in the Web link to pages in this site.
The unconventional and inconsistent page design and navigation negatively impact the usability of this web site. But the information found in it is not available in web format elsewhere. Many of the CAT web modules provide an introduction to the particular technique, tips for implementation and a sample form.
3. Yee, K. (n.d.) Interactive Techniques. Retrieved February 1, 2007, from
http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/101_Tips.pdf
This document was published by the Faculty Center at the University of Central Florida. It is part of their Assessment Resources pages. While the filename indicates 101 tips, the file actually contains short descriptions of 118 interactive assessment techniques.
This list includes a variety of techniques that go beyond the fifty original Angelo and Cross CATs. References documented. The document lacks implementation details and some activities do not yield assessment data.
4. Harrold, R. (n.d.). Problem Solving Skills. Retrieved February 1, 2007, from
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/marmcdon/assessment/assessment_techniques/problem_solving_skills.htm
This page is published by North Dakota State University’s Assessment Committee. It is an essay on assessing problem solving skills written by a member of the Committee. Drawing from the Angelo and Cross framework, the essay analyzes the use of techniques to assess problem solving skills in the classroom and at a distance.
Considerations for applicability and tips for implementation of the techniques are discussed. While this essay is not discipline specific, it provides valuable information for STEM teachers interested on improving assessment of problem solving skills.
5. Henderson, T. (2001, September). Classroom Assessment Techniques in Asynchronous Learning Networks. The Technology Source. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from
http://technologysource.org/article/classroom_assessment_techniques_in_asynchronous_learning_networks/
This paper was published in The Technology Source a peer-reviewed periodical. It is a case study on the use of a CAT in a distance learning course. The author describes the implementation, results and issues to consider.
Although short in length, this paper provides an idea of potential issues in the implementation of a CAT. The CAT, a variation of The One Minute Paper is very simple, but effective.
6. Schwarm, S. & VanDeGrift, T. (2003). Using Classroom Assessment to Detect Students’ Misunderstanding and Promote Metacognitive Thinking. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS). Retrieved February 14, 2007, from
http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/edtech/publications/sv02-icls.pdf
This paper was presented at the International Conference of the Learning Sciences 2002. It was written by Sarah Schwarm and Tammy VanDeGrift professors of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington. They studied the use of CATs to assess student understanding.
This is a rare document because it provides both the instructor’s and student’s perspectives on the use of CATs in engineering instruction. In addition, this document should be useful for instructors interested on increasing student’s metacognitive thinking.
7. Using PowerPoint to Facilitate Classroom Assessment Techniques. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2007, from
http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/powerpoint/assessment.html
This page is published by the Center for Teaching and Learning at the University of Minnesota. It is part of a tutorial on Active Learning with PowerPoint. Four CATs are introduced and implemented using PowerPoint. The CATs are Focus Listing, Classroom Opinion Polls, Two Minute Paper and Muddiest Point.
The CATs presented in this page are among the most popular and well documented. This page does a great job of simplifying their implementation for any instructor.
Field Specific Resources
8. Best Practices in Assessment. (n.d.) Retrieved February 1, 2007, from http://www.uky.edu/Assessment/BestPractices.html
This page is published by the University of Kentucky’s (UK) Office of Assessment. Links on the page lead to the content presented in a seminar on Classroom Assessment Techniques held in Fall 2006. The content includes a PowerPoint presentation on CATs, a list of the 50 Angelo and Cross CATs with a two sentence description, CAT implementation reports by UK faculty and a short frequently asked questions section. Two of the CAT reports (#11 and #26) were prepared by a professor of Chemical and Materials Engineering.
Although brief, the contents of this page provide a well informed introduction to CATs. The PowerPoint presentation file and excerpt on the Dimensions of Learning give readers some background on the conceptual framework that support the CATs. From the list of Angelo and Cross’ CATs, teachers can decide whether to investigate the use of a specific technique. While CATs #11 and #26 are specific to chemical engineering, they could be adapted to other engineering fields as well. In all, the greatest value of this resource is in the general CAT information and not necessarily the engineering content.
9. Barone Martin, M. (1999) Classroom Assessment Techniques Designed for Technology. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from
http://www.mtsu.edu/~itconf/proceed99/Martin.htm
This paper was published as part of the 1999 Proceedings of the Instructional Technology Conference at the Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU). It was written by Mary Barone Martin a professor of mathematics at MTSU.
The author did an excellent job of adapting some of the most commonly known CATs for implementation in technology courses. For example, she suggests how to use the double entry journal to identify a sample problem and document the problem solving process.
10. National Institute for Science Education (n.d.) Field-tested Learning Assessment Guide (FLAG). Retrieved January 25, 2007, from
http://www.flaguide.org/cat/cat.php
The Field-tested Learning Assessment Guide (FLAG) is published by the National Institute for Science Education’s (NISE). It is based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and is a nationwide community of post-secondary science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educators. Within the FLAG website, there is a section for CATs applicable to college or university STEM courses. Each of the 13 CAT web module was written by an instructor who uses the technique and was reviewed by an editorial board.
Among the CAT resources for engineering courses reviewed in this webliography this the most comprehensive and useful. Each of the CAT web modules is well formatted and documented. In addition to the technique’s description and step-by-step instruction for implementation, each module presents an evaluation of the CAT, an explanation of the conceptual framework and references. But what really makes this page valuable is that all CATs are written within the context of STEM education. This makes very clear to STEM teachers the relevance of these techniques.
Conclusion
The resources presented in this webliography range from introductions to the concept of classroom assessment techniques to detailed descriptions of the implementation of CATs to STEM education. While all of these resources are based on the Angelo and Cross book, they provide valuable information for engineering teachers on: tips for specific implementations of CATs in engineering courses and the integration of active learning techniques. My hope is that these resources will give instructors simple and easy to implement ideas that will help them transform their engineering classes into learner centered environments.